Level 10 – Step 10 : Expressions of Inference and Conclusion therefore / thus / it can be inferred that (The data increased steadily; therefore, the plan worked.She avoided answering directly; thus, it can be inferred that she disagreed.)
/Level 10 – Step 10 : Expressions of Inference and Conclusion therefore / thus / it can be inferred that (The data increased steadily; therefore, the plan worked./She avoided answering directly; thus, it can be inferred that she disagreed.)
🚪 Let’s Begin
/🚪 Let’s Begin
🦉Professor Owl: Today we learn words and phrases that show a conclusion or inference from evidence — words like therefore, thus, and the phrase it can be inferred that.
/🦉Professor Owl: Today we learn words and phrases that show a conclusion or inference from evidence — words like therefore, thus, and the phrase it can be inferred that.
🐧Igupen: This is the last lesson in this grammar set — I’m excited but a little nervous.
/🐧Igupen: This is the last lesson in this grammar set — I’m excited but a little nervous.
🦉Professor Owl: You’ve done wonderfully.
/🦉Professor Owl: You’ve done wonderfully.
Let’s finish strong — this is the final step, so try carefully and enjoy it.
/Let’s finish strong — this is the final step, so try carefully and enjoy it.
You can do this.
/You can do this.
📚 Lesson
/📚 Lesson
What do inference and conclusion words do?
/What do inference and conclusion words do?
These words link facts or evidence to a logical result.
/These words link facts or evidence to a logical result.
They show that one idea follows from another.
/They show that one idea follows from another.
Simple examples: The data increased steadily; therefore, the plan worked.
/Simple examples: The data increased steadily; therefore, the plan worked.
She avoided answering directly; thus, it can be inferred that she disagreed.
/She avoided answering directly; thus, it can be inferred that she disagreed.
Common words and phrases
/Common words and phrases
1. therefore — used to state a clear result from evidence; slightly formal.
/1. therefore — used to state a clear result from evidence; slightly formal.
Example: The experiment failed; therefore, we need a new method.
/Example: The experiment failed; therefore, we need a new method.
2. thus — similar to therefore; often a bit more formal or concise.
/2. thus — similar to therefore; often a bit more formal or concise.
Example: He studied hard; thus, his grades improved.
/Example: He studied hard; thus, his grades improved.
3. it can be inferred that / we can infer that — used when you draw a reasonable conclusion from available information; useful for careful, cautious statements.
/3. it can be inferred that / we can infer that — used when you draw a reasonable conclusion from available information; useful for careful, cautious statements.
Example: She left without comment; it can be inferred that she was unhappy.
/Example: She left without comment; it can be inferred that she was unhappy.
How to choose and use them (easy guide)
/How to choose and use them (easy guide)
Use therefore or thus when you state a direct logical result.
/Use therefore or thus when you state a direct logical result.
Put a semicolon or period before them, then a comma after them sometimes for style: Evidence; therefore, conclusion.
/Put a semicolon or period before them, then a comma after them sometimes for style: Evidence; therefore, conclusion.
Use it can be inferred that when you want to sound cautious or show the conclusion is based on evidence rather than certainty.
/Use it can be inferred that when you want to sound cautious or show the conclusion is based on evidence rather than certainty.
This phrase often appears in academic or careful writing.
/This phrase often appears in academic or careful writing.
Keep word order clear: present the evidence, then the inference.
/Keep word order clear: present the evidence, then the inference.
This order helps readers follow your reasoning.
/This order helps readers follow your reasoning.
Short style note
/Short style note
therefore and thus are strong and direct; it can be inferred that makes the conclusion softer and more careful.
/therefore and thus are strong and direct; it can be inferred that makes the conclusion softer and more careful.
Choose the tone that fits your goal.
/Choose the tone that fits your goal.
🦉Professor Owl’s one-point tip: Always display the evidence first, then the conclusion.
/🦉Professor Owl’s one-point tip: Always display the evidence first, then the conclusion.
If you want to sound cautious, use it can be inferred that; if you want to state a clear result, use therefore or thus.
/If you want to sound cautious, use it can be inferred that; if you want to state a clear result, use therefore or thus.
Quick checks inside the lesson
/Quick checks inside the lesson
The road was closed; therefore, we took a longer route.
/The road was closed; therefore, we took a longer route.
→ evidence → direct conclusion.
/→ evidence → direct conclusion.
She refused to answer; it can be inferred that she knew more than she said.
/She refused to answer; it can be inferred that she knew more than she said.
→ evidence → careful inference.
/→ evidence → careful inference.
Sales rose; thus, the promotion worked.
/Sales rose; thus, the promotion worked.
→ concise cause → result.
/→ concise cause → result.
🌼 Sample Sentences
/🌼 Sample Sentences
No.01 The data increased steadily; therefore, the plan worked.
/No.01 The data increased steadily; therefore, the plan worked.
No.02 She avoided answering directly; thus, it can be inferred that she disagreed.
/No.02 She avoided answering directly; thus, it can be inferred that she disagreed.
No.03 The lights were off; therefore, the shop must be closed.
/No.03 The lights were off; therefore, the shop must be closed.
No.04 He missed several meetings; thus, his team lost confidence.
/No.04 He missed several meetings; thus, his team lost confidence.
No.05 Her tone was cold; it can be inferred that she was upset.
/No.05 Her tone was cold; it can be inferred that she was upset.
No.06 The tests were positive; therefore, the treatment will continue.
/No.06 The tests were positive; therefore, the treatment will continue.
No.07 The road signs were broken; thus, drivers were confused.
/No.07 The road signs were broken; thus, drivers were confused.
No.08 No one replied to the email; it can be inferred that they did not receive it.
/No.08 No one replied to the email; it can be inferred that they did not receive it.
No.09 The temperature dropped quickly; therefore, frost is likely tonight.
/No.09 The temperature dropped quickly; therefore, frost is likely tonight.
No.10 He refused help; thus, he wanted to try alone.
/No.10 He refused help; thus, he wanted to try alone.
🎓 Practice exercises
/🎓 Practice exercises
Note: Read each evidence sentence and choose the best conclusion phrase or fill the blank, then check the answers.
/Note: Read each evidence sentence and choose the best conclusion phrase or fill the blank, then check the answers.
Q1: Complete the sentence: The workshop was full; ___, the topic was popular.
/Q1: Complete the sentence: The workshop was full; ___, the topic was popular.
(choose: therefore / it can be inferred that) Q2: Choose the best phrase: She deleted the message without comment; ___ she regretted sending it.
/(choose: therefore / it can be inferred that) Q2: Choose the best phrase: She deleted the message without comment; ___ she regretted sending it.
(therefore / it can be inferred that) Q3: Fill in: The experiment repeated the result three times; ___, the finding is reliable.
/(therefore / it can be inferred that) Q3: Fill in: The experiment repeated the result three times; ___, the finding is reliable.
(therefore / thus) Q4: True or False: Use “it can be inferred that” when you want to show a careful, evidence-based conclusion.
/(therefore / thus) Q4: True or False: Use “it can be inferred that” when you want to show a careful, evidence-based conclusion.
Q5: Complete the sentence: He did not appear at the meeting; ___, we canceled the plan.
/Q5: Complete the sentence: He did not appear at the meeting; ___, we canceled the plan.
(therefore / it can be inferred that) Q6: Choose the correct connector: The evidence is weak; ___, we cannot claim success.
/(therefore / it can be inferred that) Q6: Choose the correct connector: The evidence is weak; ___, we cannot claim success.
(therefore / thus) Q7: Fill in the blank with inference phrase: She left early and looked upset; ___ she was disappointed.
/(therefore / thus) Q7: Fill in the blank with inference phrase: She left early and looked upset; ___ she was disappointed.
(it can be inferred that / therefore) Q8: Choose the best word: Prices dropped last month; ___, customers bought more.
/(it can be inferred that / therefore) Q8: Choose the best word: Prices dropped last month; ___, customers bought more.
(therefore / it can be inferred that) Q9: Fill in: The lights are out and the door is locked; ___, the store is closed.
/(therefore / it can be inferred that) Q9: Fill in: The lights are out and the door is locked; ___, the store is closed.
(thus / it can be inferred that) Q10: Correct the sentence if needed: The samples failed; it can be inferred; the test was flawed.
/(thus / it can be inferred that) Q10: Correct the sentence if needed: The samples failed; it can be inferred; the test was flawed.
◆ Answers
A1: therefore → The workshop was full; therefore, the topic was popular.
/◆ Answers
A1: therefore → The workshop was full; therefore, the topic was popular.
A2: it can be inferred that → She deleted the message without comment; it can be inferred that she regretted sending it.
/A2: it can be inferred that → She deleted the message without comment; it can be inferred that she regretted sending it.
A3: therefore (or thus) → The experiment repeated the result three times; therefore, the finding is reliable.
/A3: therefore (or thus) → The experiment repeated the result three times; therefore, the finding is reliable.
A4: True.
/A4: True.
A5: therefore → He did not appear at the meeting; therefore, we canceled the plan.
/A5: therefore → He did not appear at the meeting; therefore, we canceled the plan.
A6: therefore → The evidence is weak; therefore, we cannot claim success.
/A6: therefore → The evidence is weak; therefore, we cannot claim success.
A7: it can be inferred that → She left early and looked upset; it can be inferred that she was disappointed.
/A7: it can be inferred that → She left early and looked upset; it can be inferred that she was disappointed.
A8: therefore → Prices dropped last month; therefore, customers bought more.
/A8: therefore → Prices dropped last month; therefore, customers bought more.
A9: thus → The lights are out and the door is locked; thus, the store is closed.
/A9: thus → The lights are out and the door is locked; thus, the store is closed.
A10: Correction: The samples failed; it can be inferred that the test was flawed.
/A10: Correction: The samples failed; it can be inferred that the test was flawed.
🦉 Closing
/🦉 Closing
🦉Professor Owl: Wonderful — you finished the final lesson in this grammar series.
/🦉Professor Owl: Wonderful — you finished the final lesson in this grammar series.
You learned how to show results clearly with therefore and thus, and how to draw careful conclusions with it can be inferred that.
/You learned how to show results clearly with therefore and thus, and how to draw careful conclusions with it can be inferred that.
I hope you practice these in writing and speaking so your reasons and conclusions sound clear and confident.
/I hope you practice these in writing and speaking so your reasons and conclusions sound clear and confident.
🐧Igupen: I feel proud and a little amazed I reached the end.
/🐧Igupen: I feel proud and a little amazed I reached the end.
What a journey!
/What a journey!
🦉Professor Owl: You worked hard, and now it’s time to spread your wings.
/🦉Professor Owl: You worked hard, and now it’s time to spread your wings.
I want you to know how proud I am of your steady effort and courage to keep learning.
/I want you to know how proud I am of your steady effort and courage to keep learning.
It’s a little sad to see you leave this nest, because I have enjoyed guiding you, but the joy of watching you fly farther is greater.
/It’s a little sad to see you leave this nest, because I have enjoyed guiding you, but the joy of watching you fly farther is greater.
You came here to learn and you did — remember these tools for clear thinking and careful speaking.
/You came here to learn and you did — remember these tools for clear thinking and careful speaking.
Wherever your studies take you next, carry this confidence.
/Wherever your studies take you next, carry this confidence.
I’m truly glad you visited; I believe in your future, and I’m cheering for every new step you take.
/I’m truly glad you visited; I believe in your future, and I’m cheering for every new step you take.
